Since the Constitution was ratified, 226 years ago, potential plaintiffs have been required to first establish that they have a "case or controversy" before a court can consider the merits of any legal claim. As the U.S. Supreme Court has phrased it, "the person seeking to invoke the jurisdiction of the court must establish the requisite standing to sue." Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 154 (1990). There are three components of standing:
1) the plaintiff has suffered an "injury in fact" that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or ...