On July 27, 2022, FINRA filed a proposed rule change with the SEC that would “modernize” its supervision rule to make permanent pandemic-related temporary exemptions that allowed limited-scope work-from-home (“WFH”) for brokers.
The filing proposes “to adopt new Supplementary Material .19 (Residential Supervisory Location) under FINRA Rule 3110 (Supervision) that would align FINRA’s definition of an office of supervisory jurisdiction (“OSJ”) and the classification of a location that supervises activities at non-branch locations with the existing ...
The regular “Weekly Update” email from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) had an eye-catching warning February 16, urging broker-dealer member firms to heed the “Shields Up” cyber threat warning from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (“CISA”) and the FBI.
That warning urged heightened cybersecurity vigilance “related to Russia’s potential destabilizing activities against Ukraine.” The CISA alert said, “While there are not currently any specific credible threats to the U.S. homeland, we are mindful of the ...
On February 9, the SEC proposed new cybersecurity risk management regulations for investment advisers, registered investment companies (funds), and business development companies.
Relying on the Commission’s mission to protect investors and ensure orderly markets, the Release cites increasing cybersecurity threats and emphasized the disruptive consequences and costs (to advisers, funds and investors) of unpreparedness. The Release grounds the Proposal in advisers’ fiduciary duty to clients and the anti-fraud “compliance rule” requiring written policies ...
In remarks this week at the SEC Speaks conference, new SEC Enforcement Director Gurbir Grewal said he’s bringing back admissions in SEC settled actions to help spur accountability. Most SEC actions are settled on a “neither admit nor deny” basis.
“When it comes to accountability, few things rival the magnitude of wrongdoers admitting that they broke the law, and so, in an era of diminished trust, we will, in appropriate circumstances, be requiring admissions in cases where heightened accountability and acceptance of responsibility are in the public interest.” Grewal ...
This past Tuesday, September 21, the chorus calling for more regulation over crypto reached a sort of crescendo.
The SEC
Earlier, in September 14 testimony before the Senate Banking Committee [1], former CFTC and current SEC Chair Gensler noted that cryptocurrencies sit astride several different regulatory regimes, posing broad risks:
“Currently, we just don’t have enough investor protection in crypto finance, issuance, trading, or lending. Frankly, at this time, it’s more like the Wild West or the old world of “buyer beware” that existed before the securities laws ...
On August 27, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) issued a broad request for information and comments on “gamification” in financial-market user interfaces, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, among others.
As the Release explains: The SEC requests input on
broker-dealer and investment adviser use of “digital engagement practices” or “DEPs”, including behavioral prompts, differential marketing, game-like features (commonly referred to as “gamification”), and other design elements or features designed to engage ...
Since the appointment of Allison Heron Lee as interim SEC chair, the SEC has pushed an ESG agenda in all things from corporate disclosures, to investment companies, international standards and even enforcement. See this blog post here. Those moves have sparked discussion, and sometimes, skepticism. Read more about that in this blog post here.
As April ended, the Street’s other main regulator, FINRA, joined the ESG discussion - but in a different way. Instead of contemplating new prescriptive rules or disclosure taxonomies, FINRA seeks constructive criticism. FINRA asked for ...
In a March 15, 2021 address to the Center for American Progress, SEC Acting Chair Lee was clear:
No single issue has been more pressing for me than ensuring that the SEC is fully engaged in confronting the risks and opportunities that climate and ESG pose for investors, our financial system, and our economy.
That’s been apparent from the steady stream of climate and ESG-focused initiatives she has been announcing since January. Her reasoning is that because many investors (and indeed asset managers and other market participants) think these issues are significant, then they are:
On March 4, Acting Chair Allison Herren Lee announced the creation of a “Climate and ESG Task Force” of 22 members from across the Enforcement Division:
Consistent with increasing investor focus and reliance on climate and ESG-related disclosure and investment, the Climate and ESG Task Force will develop initiatives to proactively identify ESG-related misconduct. The task force will also coordinate the effective use of Division resources, including through the use of sophisticated data analysis to mine and assess information across registrants, to identify potential ...
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) released its 2021 Examination Priorities on March 3. The Examinations group – elevated last December to Division status (formerly the Office of Compliance Investigations and Examinations (“OCIE”)) -- covered the list of perennial concerns. The 2021 priorities include some new subjects, however, reflecting the policy emphasis of the Biden administration.
“This year, the Division is enhancing its focus on climate and ESG-related risks by examining proxy voting policies and practices to ensure voting aligns ...
The price of Bitcoin recently topped $57,000. New York’s Attorney General issued an Investor Alert on Virtual Currency Risks, as did the SEC’s Division of Examinations. The SEC’s “crypto-mom,” Commissioner Hester Peirce has been speaking on it daily, and Chair-nominee Gensler touches on it in his March 2 remarks before the Senate Banking Committee.
SEC Chair Nominee Gary Gensler’s prepared remarks for his March 2 hearing before the Senate Banking Committee indicate he will focus on FinTech:
Markets—and technology—are always changing. Our rules have to change ...
The price of Bitcoin recently topped $57,000. New York’s Attorney General issued an Investor Alert on Virtual Currency Risks, as did the SEC’s Division of Examinations. The SEC’s “crypto-mom,” Commissioner Hester Peirce has been speaking on it daily, and Chair-nominee Gensler touches on it in his March 2 remarks before the Senate Banking Committee.
SEC Chair Nominee Gary Gensler’s prepared remarks for his Mar. 2 hearing before the Senate Banking Committee indicate he will focus on fintech:
Markets—and technology—are always changing. Our rules have to change ...
In an SEC filing, Friday, February 26, Robinhood Financial and Robinhood Securities disclosed they are negotiating with FINRA, the SEC, and state regulators, attempting to settle investigations into options-trading and outages from March 2020.
The investigations focus on Robinhood’s options-trading approval processes and how the app displays cash and buying power to customers. Similar issues were involved in the GameStop (“GME”) imbroglio earlier this year. Congress and various regulators continue to examine the GME situation.
The Companies disclosed they have ...
Acting SEC Chair Allison Herren Lee issued a February 24 statement directing the Commission Staff to review public-company climate-change-related disclosures. The Staff will assess current disclosures in light of the SEC’s prior 2010 guidance and “update” that guidance.
The prior guidance did not mandate specific climate disclosures, but instead focused on how climate-change issues might affect existing disclosure obligations regarding, for example, material legal compliance or litigation issues, material risks, and the effect of known trends, developments or a ...
On February 11, SEC Acting Chair Lee announced that the Commission no longer would permit settlements in enforcement actions to include, or be contingent on the grant of, waivers of statutory disqualifications that flow from certain securities offenses.
Various securities offenses statutorily disqualify Respondents from certain regulated activities, for example, participating in a Reg. D private offering or acting in some capacities for an investment company. Those statutes, however, also vest the Commission with the discretion to waive those disqualifications, often ...
On February 9, Acting SEC Chair Lee announced she was restoring the delegated authority of Enforcement Division senior officials to issue subpoenas to compel document production and sworn testimony without the need of a Formal Order of Investigation by the full Commission.
Until 2009, the SEC could only issue compulsory processes (for document production and testimony) under a Formal Order of Investigation issued by the Commission. In 2009, however, then-Chair Mary Shapiro delegated that authority to the Director of Enforcement for a trial period of one year. The Final Order, No ...
On the new year’s first day, Congress passed the NDAA over President Trump’s veto and gave the SEC more clear – and longer – disgorgement authority for enforcement actions in the courts. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, H.R. 6395 (116th Cong. 2019-2020) is here.
First, Section 6501(a)(3) of the Act amends Securities Exchange Act Section 21(d), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d) to provide express statutory authorization for SEC’s disgorgement remedy in court actions:
- (7) Disgorgement.--In any action or proceeding brought by the Commission under any ...
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has issued a special alert to its member firms, alerting them to an imposter website: www.finnra.org (containing an extra “n”).
The fake site contains a purported “registration” form and firm gateway page, apparently phishing for credentials. FINRA also warns members that the fake domain may be the source of phishing emails.
Both FINRA and the SEC have amped up their cybersecurity warnings during the pandemic.
Regulatory Notice 20-27 is here.
Thomas K. Potter, III (tpotter@burr.com) is a partner in the ...
The SEC recently announced the creation of the Event and Emerging Risks Examination Team (“EERT”) in its Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (“OCIE”). OCIE is the unit charged with conducting compliance exams on registered investment companies, investment advisors, and broker-dealers -- although primary responsibility for examining broker-dealers lies with their self-regulatory organization, FINRA (itself subject to OCIE exams).
The SEC said the EERT unit “will proactively engage with financial firms about emerging threats and current market ...
In XY Planning Network, LLC, et al. v. SEC, et al., the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit rejected a challenge to Regulation Best Interest brought by an organization of investment advisers, an individual investment adviser, seven states, and the District of Columbia. The Court denied the Petitioners’ petition, holding that: the individual investment adviser had standing but the states did not, that § 913(f) of the Dodd-Frank Act authorized the SEC’s promulgation of Regulation Best Interest, and that Regulation Best Interest is not arbitrary and ...
On June 16, the SEC issued a temporary exemptive order, allowing registered municipal advisors to solicit banks, their wholly-owned commercial lenders and credit unions in connection with direct placements by municipal-issuer clients. Ordinarily, that placement-agent activity would require broker-dealer registration under ’34 Act Section 15 (15 U.S.C. § 78o).
The Commission granted the temporary exemption to allow MAs to assist municipal issuers – especially smaller municipalities not otherwise eligible for the Fed’s Municipal Liquidity Facility – with ...
The Supreme Court allowed the SEC to seek “disgorgement” as a form of “equitable relief” in civil-actions, but limited the remedy to net profits for benefit of harmed investors. Answering part of a question reserved in 2017’s Kokesh opinion, this week’s Liu opinion raised more questions than it answered.
The Liu’s raised investor funds for an EB-5 visa program under a private offering, but pocketed most of them. In a civil enforcement action, the SEC obtained the Liu’s disgorgement of full amount raised from investors (not net), jointly and severally. The Supreme ...
Effective June 30, SEC Reg. BI requires broker-dealers to make recommendations only in the “best interests” of retail customers, imposing additional disclosure, care, conflicts-of-interest and compliance obligations. The disclosure obligations include dissemination of Form CRS educating customers on the nature of their relationship with the firm.
FINRA Regulatory Notice 20-18, issued June 19, makes corresponding changes to its Rules stressing the primacy of Reg. BI with respect to retail customers:
Capital Acquisition Brokers’ suitability (Rule 211).
In a May 4 joint public statement, SEC Chair Clayton and Municipal Securities Office Director Rebecca Olsen urged municipal issuers to make voluntary disclosures specific to issuers, and their various outstanding municipal securities, regarding the effect of COVID-19 on present and expected future operating and financial status.
Municipal issuers are obligated under SEC Rule 15c2-12 to provide annual audited financial disclosures and disclosures of certain material events. The MSRB’s description of the Rule is here.
The SEC’s statement emphasized the relative size and ...
On April 9, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (“MSRB”) filed with the SEC a temporary rule change that waived certain late fees and delayed some key compliance deadlines.
Municipal securities dealers and municipal advisors are required to inspect each office of supervisory jurisdiction annually and to conduct annual testing, review and executive-management certification of their systems of supervisory controls and compliance. See MSRB Rules G-27(b)(vi), 27(f)(i) and G-44(d). The rule change provides that those functions will be “deemed” timely completed ...
In the past week, the Securities and Exchange Commission has suspended trading in five separate over-the-counter (“OTC”) stocks due to dubious COVID claims or related identity confusion.
The latest order came Thursday, April 9, when the SEC suspended trading in Turbo Global Partners, Inc. over claimed ability to provide non-contact testing equipment.
On Wednesday, April 8, when the SEC suspending trading in BioELife Corp. f/k/a US Lithium Corp. (“LITH”) over claimed production of a COVID-19 prevention product line, coupled with manipulative trading indicia.
On ...
On April 2, Chair Clayton said the SEC would hold firm on the June 30 compliance deadline for Regulation Best Interest (“Reg. BI”) and Form CRS, but suggested early examinations might focus more on compliance efforts than results. The SEC’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (“OCIE”) issued two April 7 Risk Alerts providing firms with guidance on what to expect during those early-phase examinations.
As expected, OCIE indicates its exams will focus on whether firms “have made a good-faith effort to implement policies and procedures reasonably designed ...
Securities and Exchange Commission Chair Jay Clayton issued an April 2 public statement that the SEC will hold firm on its June 30, 2020 deadline for firms to implement Reg. BI and Form CRS. There had been industry speculation that the SEC might push that compliance deadline back in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Regulation Best Interest (“Reg. BI”) was adopted by the SEC last June in the wake of the turmoil from the Department of Labor’s “Fiduciary Rule” – a preemptive regulatory incursion into financial markets outside DOL’s usual “portfolio” that resulted in a ...
SEC Enforcement Co-Directors Stephanie Avakian and Steven Peiken issued a March 23 public statement warning that the novel Coronavirus pandemic increases material non-public information and reminding corporate insiders of their obligation to disclose or abstain.
“Corporate insiders are regularly learning new material nonpublic information that may hold an even greater value than under normal circumstances. This may particularly be the case if earnings reports or required SEC disclosure filings are delayed due to COVID-19. Given these unique circumstances, a greater ...
The SEC has gathered its guidance in a single location. Topics covered include:
(a) The SEC’s own Business Continuity Plan (“BCP”) and its implementation;
(b) Increased market monitoring and surveillance;
(c) Issuer guidance regarding COVID-related disclosures;
(d) Conditional exemptive orders for registrants, including investment companies and investment advisers, easing meeting and certain reporting requirements;
(e) Delaying certain open rulemaking proposals until April 24.
The Enforcement Division remains active, having implemented temporary trading ...
In a July 30 speech in Singapore, SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce compared renegade red pandas’ penchant for life “outside the fence” to the Fin-Tech innovation currently frustrating regulators’ efforts to keep up.
Eschewing calls for international regulation, she also compared the efforts of multiple national regulators to the oft-cited role of U.S. states as “laboratories of democracy.” Cataloging some to date, she cited:
- Singapore’s regulatory “clarity”
- Thailand’s 2018 regulatory framework
- Japan digital asset offering legislation and 2017 ...
Last week, the SEC’s Corporate Finance division issued its second no-action letter supporting a digital token issue. On July 25, 2019, the Staff agreed it would not recommend enforcement action over the issuance of Quarters tokens for online gaming.
The issuer, Pocketful of Quarters, Inc. (“POQ”), states its use case as addressing “in-game currency fragmentation” by creating a “universal gaming taken” to solve “the inability to use gaming credits, coins or other units of value purchased in, or earned playing, one online video game in other online games.”
The ...
The SEC recently issued an investor alert warning about crypto advisory and trading websites. The alert cautions investors to be especially wary of web-based crypto-currency sites with any of these red-flags:
- Outsized “guaranteed” investment returns.
- Complicated jargon or difficult-to-understand technologies.
- Unlicensed sellers.
- Sounds too good to be true.
- Unsolicited offers.
- Urgency to act.
…in short, the usual hallmarks of many scams.
The advisory comes on the heels of an indictment against two Nigerian citizens for wire fraud and conspiracy to commit ...
Last week, the D.C. Circuit held that the SEC can’t prosecute the same conduct as both willful and as negligent under the tandem sections found in most of the nation’s securities laws. The ruling prevents the SEC from piling on an additional negligence-based offense as some sort of “lesser included offense” in enforcement actions.
The SEC brought an administrative enforcement action against the Texas-based Robare Group and its officers for inadequate disclosure of a revenue-sharing agreement with Fidelity over certain funds on Fidelity’s platform. The firm’s ADV ...
Late last week, the SEC issued a no-action letter widely hailed as its first on a blockchain-based digital token for private jet services. In its TurnKey Jet letter, the Commission Staff indicated it would not recommend enforcement action over the operation of a private, permissioned, centralized blockchain network and smart-contract infrastructure for clearing and payment using a utility-token effectively functioning as a pre-paid jet card (or streetcar token).
See TurnKey Jet, Inc. (Apr. 3, 2019), here.
And the request, here.
CoinDesk reports that the no-action ...
This week, the SEC's Division of Investment Management issued a letter seeking industry and public input on custody issues arising from digital assets.
The "Custody Rule," Rule 206(4)-2 under the Advisers Act of 1940, provides it is a fraudulent act or practice to have custody of client assets, unless an adviser complies with Custody-Rule requirements, including among others, by a qualified custodian subject to annual independent audits.
The Division's recent Guidance Update on custody issues focused on inadvertent custody (e.g. where boilerplate in the adviser’s agreement ...
In an article published in the latest issue of the Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law (RAIL), Tom Potter discusses the current state of regulatory efforts by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Unlike the 1900's, today's cryptocurrencies rely on the internet, high-speed computing and higher-math cryptography, not stones.
Mt. Gox holds its infamous part of Bitcoin's history as the once biggest cryptocurrency exchange that went under in a chaotic fashion. After the 2014 collapse of Mt. Gox underscored the fraud potential posed by cryptocurrencies ...
In an article published in the latest issue of the Journal of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law (RAIL), Tom Potter discusses the current state of regulatory efforts by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Unlike the 1900's, today's cryptocurrencies rely on the internet, high-speed computing and higher-math cryptography, not stones.
Mt. Gox holds its infamous part of Bitcoin's history as the once biggest cryptocurrency exchange that went under in a chaotic fashion. After the 2014 collapse of Mt. Gox underscored the fraud potential posed by cryptocurrencies ...
On November 29, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced in a press release that it has settled charges against two celebrities for promoting investments in ICOs without disclosing payments received for the promotion. The SEC has previously indicated in a November 2017 statement to the public that investors should be wary of celebrity-backed ICOs, but these are the SEC's first cases against celebrities for promoting ICOs for compensation without appropriate disclosures.
Music producer Khaled Khaled (known as DJ Khaled) and professional boxer Floyd Mayweather ...
Earlier this week, SEC Enforcement staff lost a bid for a preliminary injunction against a prospective ICO in its pre-offering testing phase.
Blockvest was preparing for an ICO of "BLV" tokens. Its website touted the endeavor as the "first licensed and regulated tokenized cryptocurrency exchange and index fund based in the United States," and showed pictures of the seals of the SEC, CFTC, NFA and others. It also claimed to be regulated by the fictitious "BEC" (Blockchain Exchange Commission), which not coincidentally appeared to share the same Washington address as the SEC.
So how ...
On November 8, the SEC filed its first settled enforcement action against cryptocurrency trading platform for operating as an unregistered exchange trading securities, in violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
"EtherDelta" was a platform offering matched-book secondary market trading of ERC-20 tokens, many of which had issued in unregistered initial-coin-offerings ("ICOs") having attributes of "securities" under the Howey investment-contract analysis. The Howey test was applied by the SEC in its July 2017 Section 21A Report, The DAO, to conclude that digital ...
So maybe it's not such a good idea for a volatile, impulsive chief executive to use his personal Twitter account to announce major policy shifts. No, no - not that one.
Everyone thought it would happen tout de suite, but the SEC finally filed its Tweet suit this week over Elon Musk's August 7 Tweet (to over 22 million followers): "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."
Everyone cringed immediately about those last two words - a representation of fact. Especially because $420 a share was a substantial, if cannabis-tinged and arbitrary, premium. And because Tesla ...
On September 11, the SEC announced a pair of settled cryptocurrency enforcement actions. The first was against an unregistered digital-asset hedge fund. The second shut down an "ICO Superstore" as an unregistered broker-dealer.
Crypto Asset Management LP ("CAM") ran an unregistered investment company while falsely marketing it as the "first regulated crypto asset fund in the United States." The unregistered offering raised $3.6 million over four months in late 2017, violating the '33 Act. Because the offering proceeds were used to buy digital assets that constituted over 40% of ...
In August 2017, the SEC's Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations issued a Cybersecurity risk alert directed at financial advisory firms. As part of the SEC's 2014 Cybersecurity Initiative, seventy-five firms, including broker-dealers, financial advisors, and funds, were audited between September 2015 and June 2016 in order to assess their Cybersecurity preparedness.
The assessment focused on six pillars of Cybersecurity: (1) company policies and procedures; (2) access rights and controls; (3) data loss prevention; (4) vendor / third party management; (5 ...
On Monday, May 22, the SEC stayed all its administrative proceedings assigned to an ALJ in which a Respondent has an option for review by the 10th Circuit. (Securities laws provide appellate review of SEC administrative proceedings in the Respondent's choice of the Circuit for her State of residence or the D.C. Circuit). The stay will remain in place until Supreme Court action on the agency's expected cert petition in Bandimere or further Commission order.
In Bandimere v. SEC, 844 F. 3d 11689 (10th Cir. 2016), reh'g denied, 2017 WL 1717498 (May 3, 2017)(No. 15-9586), the Tenth Circuit ...
On Friday, January 13, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve a Circuit split on the extent to which SEC enforcement actions are restricted by the five-year statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2462.
Section 2462 sets a five-year limitations period "for the enforcement of any civil fine, penalty, or forfeiture." The Supreme Court has held those limitations accrue when the violation occurs and the SEC does not benefit from a "discovery rule." Gabelli v. SEC, 133 S. Ct. 1216, 1220 (2013).
But there's disagreement over whether it applies to the commonly-sought disgorgement and ...
OCIE released its 2017 exam priorities on January 12. The priorities list was most notable for being shorter than prior years. But that likely means only more focus, rather than less vigor. Here is the list with some quick takes on its content:
Retail Investors:
Robo-adviser and wrap-fee programs (under scrutiny too for the DOL fiduciary rule - whether it stays or goes)
ETFs (due to increasing popularity)
Un-examined IA's (recognizing resource scarcity and the growth of SEC-registered IAs)
Recidivist Reps (the subject of several Wall St. Journal articles last year)
Multi-branch ...
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has admitted wrongdoing and agreed to pay a $400,000 penalty to settle SEC charges that it failed to adequately disclose project risks to investors purchasing $2.3 billion in bonds to fund the Pulaski Skyway. The settlement includes additional remedial measures.
The Authority's internal discussions raised substantial doubts about the project's lawful authorization, and risks of bondholder challenges. Yet, the issuer's offering documents made no mention of those risks and represented the proceeds would be used for projects ...
The Securities Act of 1933's catchall for defining a security is the "investment contract." The landmark case, SEC v Howey, explained that "an investment contract for the purposes of the Securities Act means a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely form the efforts of the promoter or a third party …" Here, the Howey Court held that selling shares in a citrus farm managed by the promoter was an investment contract. Under the Howey test, staking sports, poker, or fantasy sports gamblers (or a related ...
A unanimous Supreme Court reaffirmed the "gifting" theory of insider trading under Dirks and rejected Newman "to the extent" it required more.
The Court's long-standing rule in Dirks v. SEC, 463 U.S. 646, 664 (1983) allows a jury to infer a tipper's personal benefit "where the tipper receives something of value in exchange for the tip or 'makes a fit of confidential information to a trading relative or friend.'"
Recently, the Second Circuit appeared to limit the "gifting" theory. In United States v. Newman, 773 F.3d 438, 452 (2nd Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 577 U.S. ___ (2015), the Court ...
Having lost her initial suit (and appeal) to enjoin an SEC administrative enforcement action against her, the so-called "diva of distressed," Lynn Tilton recently filed another lawsuit trying to halt her upcoming October 24 hearing before an SEC administrative law judge.
In her last suit, Tilton argued the SEC's administrative forum - particularly the selection of the ALJs who hear the proceedings - was unconstitutional under the Appointments Clause. Her new suit raises different arguments, claiming that SEC has a pattern and practice of depriving respondents of their Fifth ...
The SEC announced August 25 that it approved FINRA's pay-to-play rules governing placement-agent or solicitor broker-dealers and was "prepared" to approve the extension of MSRB Rule G-37 to municipal advisors as well.
The two rule proposals would complete the pay-to-play suite of rules across municipal securities dealers, investment advisors, broker-dealers, and municipal advisors. The bedrock Rule - MSRB's Rule G-37 governing municipal finance professionals and dealers - has been in place since 1994. After Dodd-Frank's expansion of municipal-advisory regulation, the ...
On August 24, the SEC announced settled administrative actions against 71 state and local issuers arising from $3.7 trillion in municipal securities offerings. The Commission alleged the issuers made false statements claiming they had complied with their continuing disclosure obligations under prior debt issues from 2011-2014. Each settled action imposed a cease-and-desist order and compliance undertakings.
The settlements appear to be the last leg of the Commission's Municipal Continuing Disclosure Cooperation ("MCDC") initiative, under which the SEC offered ...
The SEC has fined an Atlanta company $265,000 for using various severance agreements restricting whistleblower activities.
The Dodd-Frank Act added '34 Act § 21F encouraging whistleblower programs. The SEC adopted Rule 21F-17 providing:
(a) No person may take any action to impede an individual from communicating
directly with the Commission staff about a possible securities law violation,
including enforcing, or threatening to enforce, a confidentiality agreement . . . with respect to such communications.
The Company's severance agreements contained confidentiality and ...
The D.C. Circuit has affirmed that SEC ALJs are not constitutional Officers subject to the Appointments Clause, rejecting perhaps the strongest of the constitutional challenges to the Commission's administrative forum. The ruling is the first case to decide the issue on its merits instead of rejecting it on procedural grounds (as the 2nd, 7th, 11th and D.C. Circuits previously did).
The Court held the Commission's right of discretionary review, coupled with the requirement to issue an affirmative order declining it (where not exercised), means its ALJs do not issue final ...
This SRO gamesmanship is making a mockery of governing.
The latest is the SEC's position that it didn't take any action on the new MSRB Rules extending pay-to-play prohibitions to municipal advisors, so it can't be sued to stop the implementation of the regulations implemented by the MSRB under the SEC's jurisdiction. Making it only worse, the SEC says that it's because Congress prohibited the Agency from spending any money on this part of the Dodd-Frank mandate Congress required.
Whaaat?!? So hold onto your hat, as we go down the rabbit hole to explain this:
The MSRB: The SEC's ...
In an effort to provide transparency, the Dodd-Frank Act has previously formed an Investor Advisory Committee to assist the SEC on various issues including regulatory priorities, the regulation of securities products, trading strategies, fee structures, the effectiveness of disclosure, and on initiatives to protect investor interests and to promote investor confidence and the integrity of the securities marketplace.
One of the goals of the Committee is to ensure the effectiveness of corporate disclosures that are made for investors. In keeping with this goal, the Committee ...
The Eleventh Circuit Friday joined three others in concluding that Congress intended Respondents must wait until appeal from the Commission to have a Court consider their challenges to the Constitutionality of the SEC's administrative forum.
Following the Thunder Basin line of cases, the Eleventh Circuit held that federal courts do not have jurisdiction to short-circuit the SEC's administrative process to hear claims that the process is not constitutional. Instead, Respondents must raise their arguments twice before the very tribunals they claim aren't Constitutional ...
For years, self-regulatory agencies (like FINRA or the Exchanges) have wielded the statutory authority granted them by Congress - and backed by the SEC - exercising governmental power to compel testimony, impose fines and punishments, and even bar a person or firm from an entire industry.
At the same time, they declaim that they're just membership organizations, so don't owe anyone Constitutional protections (like Fifth Amendment Due Process) and aren't subject to Equal Access to Justice Act claims for your litigation expenses when they lose.
So SROs essentially are the ...
Last week, industry groups filed two suits seeking to block the Labor Department's new fiduciary rule governing IRA and other retirement-fund investment recommendations.
In the first, the U.S. and several local Texas Chambers of Commerce and the Securities & Financial Markets Association filed suit in Dallas (in the conservative Fifth Circuit). The suit calls the rule-making a usurpation of SEC authority (and Dodd-Frank's specific authorization of the SEC to promulgate uniform fiduciary standard) that deliberately adopts an unworkable rule, then conditions exemptions from ...
In a recent new release, the Tennessee Securities Division urged investors to ask tough questions of their investment advisors, and about their compensation, account arrangements and educational / regulatory history.
The May 26 release is here.
SEC-registered investment advisors are required to provide the answers to those (and other) questions on their ADV Part 2, which is kept on file with the SEC and publicly-available through the Commission's IA Public Disclosure Portal, here. Information on registered broker-dealers and their associated persons is available through ...
Since the 2010 passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") has been the subject of growing criticism regarding its increased use of administrative proceedings.
By enacting Dodd-Frank, Congress vastly expanded the enforcement powers afforded to the SEC by allowing it to address potential violations, such as insider trading, in its internal administrative courts rather than in federal court. While the SEC attributes its increased use of administrative proceedings to the significant benefits the administrative proceedings provide ...
The SEC recently affirmed its ALJ's ruling barring Alan Stanford's former CCO from the industry and ordering monetary penalties of $260,000 together with $591,992 in disgorgement.
The Commission held the CCO approved false and/or misleading marketing and training materials in the face of red flags and without adequate due diligence or verification, instead relying upon superficial explanations of other company insiders.
"But the evidence shows that Young approved material misrepresentations without verifying them or establishing any reasonable or independent basis for ...
It is not uncommon for registered representatives to change broker-dealers over the course of their career.
In most cases, their customers will typically switch firms as well, as they follow their representative to wherever he or she may go. Seems like a non-issue, right? FINRA did not think so. FINRA became concerned that when the representatives contacted the customers to discuss the switch, the customers may not be provided all the information necessary to make an informed decision on whether to transfer their assets. Accordingly, FINRA proposed a rule that requires ...
On April 12, the Tennessee Republican Party filed a petition in the US Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, seeking to invalidate the SEC's approval of new rules extending the MSRB's long-standing "pay-to-play" prohibitions to new municipal advisors.
The MSRB has prohibited "pay-to-play" practices in the municipal securities space since its Rule G-37 was promulgated in 1994. The Rule does not prohibit political contributions by bond dealers outright, but instead prohibits them from doing business with issuers to who's elected officials a dealer has made political ...
In a January 21, 2016 Report of Investigation, the Inspector General for the Securities Exchange Commission found no evidence to substantiate allegations of pro-agency bias among SEC administrative law judges. The allegations of bias by a retired SEC ALJ appeared in a May 2015 Wall St. Journal article; the article's statistical analysis also revealed the SEC won 90% of contested cases brought in its "home court" administrative forum. The SEC's administrative forum has been under fire ever since Dodd-Frank expanded its jurisdiction to include non-registered persons. Then ...
White House officials this week said that President Obama's fiscal 2017 budget will seek major increases in funding for Wall Street regulators in the near term, and proposes to double their funding by 2021. The President's budget proposal would provide an 11% increase for the SEC (of $1.8 billion) and a 33% increase for the CFTC (of $330 million). The SEC reportedly plans to use the additional funding to hire 250 new staffers, about half devoted to investment-advisor examinations. The SEC also plans to add 52 new enforcement positions, and add a lawyer to its Municipal Securities staff ...
The SEC's Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations ("OCIE") announced the agency's priorities for this year on January 11. Commission staff will focus on three broad areas: Retail Investors, Market-Wide Risks, and increased used of Data Analytics. Retail Investors Seniors top the list in this category, as the SEC continues its "ReTIRE" initiative announced last June. A nod to the aging boomer bubble, the ReTIRE program is a multi-year effort focusing on investment-adviser and broker-dealer issues in the retirement savings context, including: reasonable-basis ...
On Christmas Eve's eve, the SEC approved, without change, the MSRB's proposed conduct rule for municipal advisors. Broadly, the Rule imposes:
- Fiduciary duty (care and loyalty) to municipal entity clients but only a duty of care to obligated persons;
- Written engagement-letter and conflict-disclosure regime;
- Suitability and KYC requirements;
- A list of prohibited practices, including a wide-ranging (but not absolute) ban on principal transactions with municipal entity clients.
New Rule G-42 has been in the works since January, 2014 and the MSRB filed two amendments with the SEC ...
On December 16, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board ("MSRB") filed with the SEC a proposed rule that would extend to municipal advisers the MSRB's existing rule prohibiting "pay-to-play" practices and restricting campaign contributions in the municipal securities and advisory business. The proposed amendments extend Rule G-37 to municipal advisers and third-party solicitors:
- Imposing a two-year ban on business with municipal entities after any contribution to an issuer official who can influence municipal-advisory business, subject to $250 de minimis
The SEC granted two petitions for review last week that tee-up significant issues for full Commission consideration late next Spring. The Commission will consider the application of the Second Circuit's Newman decision restricting the "gifting theory" of insider trading and also will take up the constitutionality of the agency's administrative enforcement forum. Insider-Trading After Newman. ALJ Patil dismissed insider-trading charges against trader Joseph Ruggieri last fall, finding that his tipper hadn't provided the inside information in return for any personal ...
Atlanta federal Judge Leigh Martin May enjoined the SEC from proceeding in yet another administrative enforcement action Tuesday. Ironridge Global IV, Ltd. v. SEC, No. 1:15-CV-2512 (USDC NDGA Nov. 17, 2015). SEC ALJ Grimes had refused to dismiss or stay the administrative proceeding and that hearing was scheduled to commence December 7. The SEC charged Ironridge last June under the '34 Act for allegedly operating as an unregistered broker-dealer by its provision of "Liability for Equity" transactions with 28 microcap issuers. The OIP is here. As before, the Court held it had ...
Last Thursday, November 12, the MSRB published its Compliance Advisory for Municipal Advisors ("MA's"). The new MA regulatory regime was imposed by Dodd-Frank and implemented by the MSRB and SEC over the past several years. The Advisory highlights some of fundamental regulatory requirements for MA's and identifies some potential compliance risks, including, for example:
- Failing to register;
- Failing to ensure MA associated persons are Series 50 qualified (still in pilot);
- Failing to implement an MA-specific compliance program under Rule G-44;
- Failing to distinguish ...
Laurie Bebo, CEO of Assisted Living Concepts, initially got some sympathetic words from the U.S. District Judge who felt constrained to turn away her constitutional challenge to the SEC's administrative forum:
The Court finds that Bebo's claims are compelling and meritorious, but whether that view is correct cannot be resolved here. This is so because Bebo's claims are subject to the exclusive remedial scheme set forth in the Securities Exchange Act. Bebo must litigate her claims before the SEC and then, if necessary, on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
The ...SEC Commissioners Piwowar and Gallagher dissented from a recent Commission Opinion sanctioning an investment adviser's use of misleading historical data purporting to validate an asset-allocation model. Agreeing there was a violation, Piwowar and Gallagher nevertheless dissented, criticizing "rulemaking by opinion:"
Instead, the majority opinion creates from whole cloth specific requirements for advertisements that include the word "backtest." Despite the lack of any statutory or regulatory definition of what constitutes a "backtest," the majority opinion ...
The citadel of the SEC's administrative forum has been under assault from several vectors over the past year or so, as a chorus of dissenting Respondents have mounted increasing challenges to its constitutional legitimacy, as well as it policy wisdom. The arguments were starting to get some traction, but two recent appellate decisions have repulsed the attack, including the D.C. Circuit's September 29 Jarkesy opinion. The arguments were gaining some momentum. First, they elevated the policy discussion to new prominence. SDNY Judge Jed Rakoff weighed in expressing doubt about the ...
The SEC recently - and predictably - rejected a Respondents' arguments challenging the constitutionality of the agency's administrative forum. The September 17 Timbervest decision was the first of the constitutional challenges to reach the full Commission itself, on appeal from the agency's internal administrative law judges ("ALJ"). The Commissioners rejected the Article II "appointments clause" argument, holding its ALJs were indistinguishable from those of the FDIC and thus were not "inferior officers" under Landry v. FDIC. That holding conflicts with those of ...
Two rulings last week ordered the SEC to stop administrative proceedings in two cases, pending the Second Circuit's ruling on the constitutionality of its administrative forum. The Second Circuit stayed the SEC's prosecution of Lynn Tilton, pending appeal of her case. Tilton v. SEC, No. 15-2103 (2nd Cir. Sept. 17, 2015). The same day, Judge Richard Berman, denied the SEC's motion to allow its administrative case to proceed (by staying his preliminary injunction). Duka v. SEC, No. 15 Civ. 357 (USDC S.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2015). Judge Berman cited the "goose/gander" rule, noting the ...
An SEC administrative law judge ("ALJ") found that former Wells Fargo trader Joseph Ruggieri traded on material nonpublic information tipped him by former analyst Greg Bolan, but dismissed the insider-trading charges against Ruggieri, because the Division of Enforcement did not prove personal benefit to his tipper. The bottom line: It doesn't violate anti-fraud rules to trade on material non-public information obtained from a casual acquaintance who "simply could not follow the rules and keep his mouth closed," where there is no clearly-demonstrable personal benefit to ...
The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board ("MSRB") announced September 2 that it has submitted for SEC approval proposed amendments extending its gift-limitations Rule G-20 to municipal advisors. In general, the Rule prohibits gifts or services (including gratuities) exceeding $100 per year to any person if they relate to the provision of municipal advisory services, with some exceptions, including:
- Normal Business Dealings: Occasional gifts of meals or tickets to events hosted and attended by advisors, or sponsored business functions recognized by the IRS as deductible ...
The MSRB responded August 12 to the SEC's initiation of proceedings on proposed conduct standards for Municipal Advisors, filing some amendments to the proposed Rule. The MSRB's Amendment No. 1:
- Eliminates "includes, without limitation" language from the fiduciary-duty standard in Proposed Rule G-42(a)(ii) in response to SIFMA's comment that it raised unnecessary ambiguity, because a fiduciary duty generally is understood to encompass duties of both care and loyalty. MSRB retained that language in Supplementary Material .02 to be clear that the Rule doesn't purport to ...
The SEC's administrative forum has been under increasing scrutiny over the past year. Now the SEC has removed an ALJ from a high-profile case, after he refused the Commission's "invitation" to provide a no-bias affidavit in similar case. In a May 6 article, "SEC Wins With In-House Judges," the Wall Street Journal reported that former ALJ Lillian McEwen felt pressured by the SEC's Chief Administrative Law Judge over her failure to rule more often in the Commission's favor. Respondents appealing an administrative case to the full Commission have alleged the process is unfair and ...